Renaissance means rebirth. They were interested in Ancient Greece and Rome. There were many voyages of discovery, and scientific advances.
Composer | Nationality | Composer | Nationality |
Josquin | Netherlands | Downland* | English |
Lassus | Netherlands | Welkes | English |
Tallis* | English | Gibbons | English |
Byrd* | English | Palestrina* | Italy |
Morley* | English | G. Gabriela* | Italy |
Bull | English | Monterverde* | Italy |
The composers marked with asterisks are the most important to know.
Church Music
The style of renaissance church music is described as choral polyphony
(polyphonic, counterpoint, contrapuntal), meaning more than one part. Homophonic means
moving in chords. Monophonic means one melody line. Choral polyphony was intended to be
sung a cappella (without instruments). The main forms were the mass and the motet. They
had four parts, based on modes, but composers gradually added more accidentals.
One of the most noticeable differences between Medieval and Renaissance styles, is that of musical texture. Whereas a Medieval composer tended to contrast the separate strands of his music, a Renaissance composer aimed to blend them together. Instead of building up the texture layer by layer, he worked gradually through the piece, attending to all parts shnultaneously. The key device used to weave this kind of texture is called irritation. Composers were becoming more interested and aware of harmony (how notes fit against each other).
German Chorales
German Chorales are Protestant hymns.
Secular Music
This was music independent of churches (i.e. none religious). The main type was
the song, lied (German), frottola (Italian), chanson (French), madrigal (Italian) and
villancico (Spanish).
Elizabethan Madrigals
In 1588 a collection of Italian Madrigals with English words was published in
England, and it sparked off an interest in English Madrigal writing. They were performed
in rich people's homes. There are three kinds of madrigal:
16th Century Venice
Lots of polychoral (more than one choir) music.
Instrumental Music
Until the beginning of the 16th Century, instruments were considered to be less
important than voices. They were used for dances, and to accompany vocal music - but here
they only doubled the voices. During the 16th Century, however, composers took greater
interest in writing music for instrument. A lot of these instruments were intended for
outside. Some examples:
English Consorts
A consort is a group of instruments playing together. A whole consort consist of
instruments all from the same family, but a broken consort has instruments from more than
one family.
Variations and the Ground Bass
A ground is a tune repeated over and over in the bass, with musical material
changing above. Variations are alterations in the tune. You can of course do variations on
the bass.
Elizabethan Keyboard Music
A popular instrument was the virginal, and a famous collection was the
'Fitzwilliam Virginal Book', which contained over 300 pieces for the virginal. A lot of
the music was programmatic (It tells a story, is descriptive), e.g. 'The King's Hunt', by
John Bull.
The Main Characteristics of Renaissance Music